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Hello,I think the best starting point to understand Alfresco's webapp is to have a deep knowledge of JSF. Alrfresco engineers applied JSF concepts in a very clean way and added their own set of components and renderers. They also extended key JSF mechanisms like the navigation handler (to introduce their dialog and wizard framework like explained in the Wiki) or the variable resolver (to link JSF backing beans and Spring configuration).The configuration layer Alfresco added on top of this is less documented from an architecture point of view (more examples, less schemas).
There are several other presentations and whitepapers in other areas of the community which are also helpful.