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3.4.7 Cross-Reference Streams Beginning with PDF 1.5, cross-reference information may be stored in a cross-reference stream, instead of a cross-reference table. Cross-reference streams provide the following advantages: • A more compact representation of cross-reference information. • The ability to access compressed objects that are stored in object streams (see Section 3.4.6, “Object Streams”), and to allow new cross-reference entry types to be added in the future.
Note that the value following the startxref keyword is now the offset of the crossreference stream rather than an xref keyword. For files that use cross-reference streams entirely (that is, PDF 1.5 files that are not hybrid-reference files; see “Compatibility with PDF 1.4” on page 85), the keywords xref and trailer are no longer used. Therefore, with the exception of the “startxref address %%EOF” segment and comments, a PDF 1.5 file is entirely a sequence of objects.